modals

Fill in the blanks with a modal form from the box !
CAN – CAN’T - COULD – COULDN’T - DIDN’T NEED TO - MUST – MUSTN’T - NEEDN‘T


1. You’ve got plenty of time. You __________________ hurry.
2. There’s a knock at the door. I’m expecting Paul . It __________________ be him.
3. I can’t get my phone to work. It __________________ be out of order
4. __________________ I ask you a question ?
5. That was excellent work. But I __________________ do it without you.
6. She __________________ be 35. She looks older than that.
7. I __________________ go to work on Saturdays. It’s my day off.
8. Tom has given me a letter to post. I __________________ forget to post it.
9. Ann stayed in bed this morning because she __________________ go to work.
10. He __________________ play chess when he was young.
11. You __________________ drive a car when you’re 18.
12. Jack spends the whole day just walking around. He __________________ have a job.
13. When I was in school I __________________ do a hand stand, but now I’m too old. I __________________ do one any more.
14. My mother keeps telling me that we __________________ wash our hands before we sit down at the dinner table.
15. You __________________ forget to turn off the lights when you go to bed.
16. When I was a child I __________________ understand adults, now that I’m an adult I __________________ understand children.
17. Sally looks sad and worried . She __________________ have a problem with something.
18. __________________ I see your passport please.
19. He’ sees very badly, so he __________________ wear glasses all the time.
20. I __________________ take a taxi because the bus was on time.
21. He owns a very expensive house. He __________________ be a rich person.
22. I __________________ swim well when I was a child. I even won the school championships.
23. You __________________ go to the grocery store. We have some milk in the fridge.
24. I __________________ find my keys. I probably left them at my mother’s place.
25. You __________________ buy the tickets. I got two for free from dad.
26. She __________________ speak so rudely to her parents.
27. The teacher always tells us we __________________ cheat during a test.
28. I __________________ stop laughing. The joke was so funny.
29. I __________________ look at you. You’re so dirty. What were you up to ?

30. __________________ you turn down the volume ? – It’s too loud.

Choose one of the following to complete the sentences.

1. John  gone on holiday. I saw him this morning downtown.

2. Nobody answered the phone at the clinic. It  closed early.

3. I  revised more for my exams. I think I'll fail!

4. Sarah looks really pleased with herself. She  passed her driving test this morning.

5. I didn't know you were going to Phil's party yesterday. You  told me!

6. I can't believe Jim hasn't arrived yet. He  caught the wrong train.

7. I can't believe Jim hasn't arrived yet. He  caught the correct train.

8. Don't lie to me that you were ill yesterday. You  been ill - Don said you were at the ice hockey match last night.

9. I don't know where they went on holiday but they bought Euros before they left so they  gone to France or Germany.

10. His number was busy all night - he  been on the phone continuously for hours.

11. It  been Mickey I saw at the party. He didn't recognise me at all.

rclauses

Choose the correct relative pronoun (who, which, whose).

1. This is the bank whowhichwhose was robbed yesterday.
2. A boy whowhichwhose sister is in my class was in the bank at that time.
3. The man whowhichwhose robbed the bank had two pistols.
4. He wore a mask whowhichwhose made him look like Mickey Mouse.
5. He came with a friend whowhichwhose waited outside in the car.
6. The woman whowhichwhose gave him the money was young.
7. The bag whowhichwhose contained the money was yellow.
8. The people whowhichwhose were in the bank were very frightened.
9. A man whowhichwhose mobile was ringing did not know what to do.
10. A woman whowhichwhose daughter was crying tried to calm her.
11. The car whowhichwhose the bank robbers escaped in was orange.
12. The robber whowhichwhose mask was obviously too big didn't drive.
13. The man whowhichwhose drove the car was nervous.
14. He didn't wait at the traffic lights whowhichwhose were red.
15. A police officer whowhichwhose car was parked at the next corner stopped and arrested them.

Re write these sentences using relative clauses.

Use who, whose and which.

Example:
He drank the juice. He made the juice. He drank the juice which he made.

1. A lion is an animal. It is very strong.
   A lion 
2. A novelist is a person. He writes novels.
   A novelist 
3. A bottle opener is a device. It opens bottles.
   A bottle opener 
4. The girl speaks Chinese. Her mother writes poems.
   The girl 
5. A detective is someone. He discovers the truth about crimes.
   A detective 

Combine the sentences using relative clauses without relative pronouns (contact clauses).

1. We bought a car last week. The car is blue.
   The car 
2. The girl is a singer. We met her at the party.
   The girl 
3. The bananas are on the table. George bought them.
   The bananas 
4. We watched a film last night. It was really scary.
   The film 
5. I have to learn new words. They are very difficult.
   The new words 

Choose one of the following relative pronouns who, which or whose from the drop down menu.

1. I talked to the girl      who  which  whose    car had broken down in front of the shop.
2. Mr Richards,      who  which  whose    is a taxi driver, lives on the corner.
3. I live in a house in Norwich      who  which  whose    is in East Anglia.
4. This is the girl      who  which  whose    comes from Spain.
5. That's Peter, the boy      who  which  whose    has just arrived at the airport.
6. Thank you very much for your e-mail      who  which  whose    was very interesting.
7. The man,      who  which  whose    father is a professor, forgot his umbrella.
8. The children      who  which  whose    shouted in the street are not from our school.
9. The car,      who  which  whose    driver is a young man, is from Ireland.
10. What did you do with the money      who  which  whose    your mother lent you?

Choose the correct answer.

1. A hotel is a place   whichwhere people stay when they're on holiday.
2. What's the name of the woman   whowhose lives in that house?
3. What do you call someone   whichthat writes computer programs?
4. A waiter is a person   thatwhose job is to serve customers in a restaurant.
5. Overalls are clothes   wherewhich people wear to protect their clothes when they are working.
6. Is that the shop   wherethat you bought your new laptop?
7. He's the man   whowhose son plays football for Manchester Utd.
8. Hal didn't get the job   thatwhere he applied for.

relativeclauses

Types of relative clauses

To understand the distinctions between that and which it is necessary to understand defining (restrictive) and non-defining (non-restrictive) clauses.

Learning these distinctions is one technical aspect of grammar that every user of English should understand, because it is at the root of an assortment of grammatical errors.

1. Defining clauses (Restrictive clauses)

A defining (restrictive) clause is one that is essential to the sense of the sentence.

My house that has a blue door needs painting.

Here the blue door is a defining characteristic, it helps to distinguish that house from my other houses.

Defining clauses or phrases are not separated off with commas. A restrictive clause or phrase is essential to the meaning of the sentence; it defines the word it modifies by ›restricting‹ its meaning. Eliminating a restrictive element from a sentence changes its meaning dramatically.

We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to give more information about something.

I bought a new car. It is very fast.
→ I bought a new car that is very fast.

She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.
→ She lives in New York, which she likes.

Defining and Non-defining

A defining relative clause tells which noun we are talking about:

• I like the woman who lives next door.
  (If I don't say 'who lives next door', then we don't know which woman I mean).

2. Non-defining clauses (Non-restrictive clauses)

A non-defining (non-restrictive) clause is one that can be regarded as parenthetical:

My house, which has a blue door, needs painting.

The italicized words are effectively an aside and could be deleted. The real point of the sentence is that the house needs painting; the blue door is incidental.

Use commas to set off non-defining elements, which contribute to, but do not determine, the meaning of the sentence. These elements may be clauses (groups of words that contain a subject and a verb) or phrases (groups of words that do not contain both a subject and a verb).

Tip:

Note that defining (restrictive) and non-defining (non-restrictive) clauses must be introduced by the appropriate relative pronoun (who, which, that, whose).

Defining (restrictive) clauses should NEVER be set off with commas and non-defining (non-restrictive) clauses ALWAYS should.

Additional information

On that much the authorities are agreed. Where divergence creeps in is on the question of how strictly the distinctions should be observed.

• In defining (restrictive) which is used in British English, that in American English.
  I like the book which I bought yesterday.
  I like the book that I bought yesterday.
• In non-defining (non-restrictive) which is used both in British and American English.
  The smartphone, which he bought yesterday, is 5 months old.
  The smartphone, that he bought yesterday, is 5 months old.

p-and-p

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).

1. A: I (cycle / just)  50 km.
2. B: I (cycle)  100 km last week.
3. A: I (write)  an essay yesterday.
4. B: I (write / already)  two essays this term.
5. A: I (ring / just)  my friend.
6. B: I (ring)  my friend 10 minutes ago.
7. A: Two days ago, I (watch)  a Madonna concert on TV.
8. B: I (see / already)  Madonna live in concert.
9. A: I (spend)  my summer holiday in Australia last year.
10. B: I (be / not)  to Australia yet.

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).

1. Mother: I want to prepare dinner. (you / wash)  the dishes yet?
2. Daughter: I (wash)  the dishes yesterday, but I (have / not)  the time yet to do it today.
3. Mother: (you / do / already)  your homework?
4. Daughter: No, I (come / just)  home from school.
5. Mother: You (come)  home from school two hours ago!
6. Daughter: Well, but my friend Lucy (call)  when I (arrive)  and I (finish / just)  the phone call.
7. Mother: (you / see / not)  Lucy at school in the morning?
8. Daughter: Yes, but we (have / not)  time to talk then.

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).

1. A: (you / be / ever)  to London?
2. B: Yes, I (be)  there three times.
3. A: When (be)  the last time you (be)  there?
4. B: Last summer. I (spend)  two weeks in Brighton with my parents and we (go)  to London one weekend.
5. (you / like)  it?
6. Oh yes. We really (have)  a great time in London.
7. Lucky you! I (be / never)  to London.

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).

1. A: (you / buy)  the tickets for our journey yet?
2. B: Yes, I (go)  to the station yesterday and (buy)  the tickets.
3. A: What time (you / go)  there?
4. B: I (take)  a friend to the station in the morning. His train (leave)  at 9:45.
5. A: (you / pack)  your bags yet?
6. B: Of course. And I (ask / already)  my neighbour to empty my letter box. What about you?
7. B: I (pack)  my bags two days ago.

ppprogressive

The present perfect continuous (progressive) expresses an action that has recently stopped or is still going on. It emphasizes the duration of the action.

Read the grammar explanation and do the exercise.

The present perfect simple suggests completion while the continuous suggests something is unfinished.

Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous

We use the present perfect tense to talk about things where there is a connection between the past and the present.

• He’s written 16 books.

He started writing books at some time in the past. So far, he has written 16 books. He may write more books.

As well as the present perfect simple, we can use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about events with a connection to the present.

1 Look at these 2 sentences:

• I’ve been decorating the house this summer. The focus is on the action – decorating – and the action is unfinished.

• I’ve painted the living room blue. The focus is on the finished result. The activity is finished but we can see the result now.

We use the present perfect continuous when the focus is on an activity that is unfinished.

2 Look at these two sentences.

• I’ve read that book you lent me. I finished it yesterday.
• I’ve been reading that book you lent me. I’ve got another 50 pages to read.

The present perfect simple (I’ve read) gives the idea of completion while the present perfect continuous (I’ve been reading) suggests that something is unfinished.

3 Look at these two sentences.

• She’s been writing emails for 3 hours.
• She’s written 10 messages.

The present perfect continuous (has been writing) talks about how long something has been happening. The present perfect simple (has written) talks about how much/how many have been completed.

4 Look at these two sentences.

• I’ve worked here for thirty years.
• I usually work in London but I’ve been working in Birmingham for the last 3 weeks.

We can use the present perfect simple to talk about how long when we view something as permanent. But the present perfect continuous is often used to show that something is temporary.

1.Put the verbs in brackets into Present Perfect Continuous

1. Geena   (wait) for Tom for two hours.

2. I  (do)my homework since 10 o'clock this morning.

3. The children  (play) computer gamews for half an hour.

4. My sister  (watch) cartoons since this morning.

5. Tom and Annie  (ride) their bikes in the park for three hours.

 

 

2. Fill in with for or since:

a. The dog has been running in the garden  twenty minutes.

b. The man has been working on the project  eight o'clock.

c. Mike's mother has been driving  she left home this morning.

d. Sue and Sally have been making pancakes  an hour.

C. Look at the pictures and write sentences using the Present Perfect Continuous.

 

 (do / aerobics / three hours) 

 (bake / bread / three o'clock) 

 (chat / noon) 

 (play / marbles / went outside) 

 (garden / the whole afternoon) 

ppp

Write sentences in present perfect simple.

1. we / reach / our goal - 
2. our team / lose / the match - 
3. she / underline / the word - 
4. they / not / discover / the treasure - 
5. Ron / not / talk / about the problem - 

Write questions in present perfect simple.

1. you / knock / at the door - 
2. the teacher / mark / the tests - 
3. she / buy / a new computer - 
4. they / rescue / the girl - 
5. Brad / wear / a blue shirt - 
6. I . (+/already/to listen to music)

PUT THE WORD IN ORDER

1. their yet. not They have finished meal 

2. already been Tower. We the have to Eiffel 

3. plane landed Has yet the ? 

4. ? report the you haven't yet done Why 

5. Susan been has already times. three married 

6. seen movie. have that I already 

7. book Have that yet you ? finished 

8. not my done I have homework yet. 

9. my have finished homework yet. not I 

10. to cinema. have gone the already I 

ppp

Write sentences in present perfect simple.

1. we / reach / our goal - 
2. our team / lose / the match - 
3. she / underline / the word - 
4. they / not / discover / the treasure - 
5. Ron / not / talk / about the problem - 

Write questions in present perfect simple.

1. you / knock / at the door - 
2. the teacher / mark / the tests - 
3. she / buy / a new computer - 
4. they / rescue / the girl - 
5. Brad / wear / a blue shirt - 
6. I . (+/already/to listen to music)

PUT THE WORD IN ORDER

1. their yet. not They have finished meal 

2. already been Tower. We the have to Eiffel 

3. plane landed Has yet the ? 

4. ? report the you haven't yet done Why 

5. Susan been has already times. three married 

6. seen movie. have that I already 

7. book Have that yet you ? finished 

8. not my done I have homework yet. 

9. my have finished homework yet. not I 

10. to cinema. have gone the already I 

2.